Submit Data |  Help |  Video Tutorials |  News |  Publications |  FTP Download |  REST API |  Citing RGD |  Contact   
Search RGD Grant Resources Citing RGD About Us Contact Us
Genes QTLs Strains Markers Genome Information Ontologies Cell Lines References FTP Download Submit Data
OntoMate (Literature Search) JBrowse (Genome Browser) Variant Visualizer Multi-Ontology Enrichment (MOET) Gene-Ortholog Location Finder (GOLF) InterViewer (Protein-Protein Interactions) PhenoMiner (Quatitative Phenotypes) Gene Annotator OLGA (Gene List Generator) RatMine GViewer (Genome Viewer) Overgo Probe Designer ACP Haplotyper Genome Scanner
Aging & Age-Related Disease Cancer Cardiovascular Disease Developmental Disease Diabetes Hematologic Disease Immune & Inflammatory Disease Neurological Disease Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome Renal Disease Respiratory Disease Sensory Organ Disease
Genetic Models PhenoMiner (Quantitative Phenotypes) Expected Ranges (Quantitative Phenotype) PhenoMiner Term Comparison Hybrid Rat Diversity Panel Phenotypes GERRC (Gene Editing Rat Resource Center) Phenotypes in Other Animal Models Animal Husbandry Strain Medical Records Phylogenetics Strain Availability Calendar Rats 101 Submissions Photo Archive
Pathways
Rat Community Forum Directory of Rat Laboratories Video Tutorials News RGD Publications RGD Poster Archive Nomenclature Guidelines Resource Links Laboratory Resources Employment Resources

ONTOLOGY REPORT - ANNOTATIONS
Term:1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol
go back to main search page
Accession:CHEBI:25189 term browser browse the term
Definition:A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.
Synonyms:exact_synonym: 1,4-disulfanylbutane-2,3-diol
 related_synonym: 1,4-dimercapto-2,3-butanediol;   Formula=C4H10O2S2;   InChI=1S/C4H10O2S2/c5-3(1-7)4(6)2-8/h3-8H,1-2H2;   InChIKey=VHJLVAABSRFDPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N;   SMILES=OC(CS)C(O)CS
 xref: Beilstein:8141671 "Beilstein";   CAS:7634-42-6 "ChemIDplus"

show annotations for term's descendants       view all columns           Sort by:
 
1,4-dithiothreitol term browser
Symbol Object Name JBrowse Chr Start Stop Reference
G Adora1 adenosine A1 receptor JBrowse link 13 51,042,111 51,076,913 RGD:6480464
G Akt1 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 JBrowse link 6 137,218,398 137,239,970 RGD:6480464
G Alad aminolevulinate dehydratase JBrowse link 5 78,368,867 78,379,206 RGD:6480464
G Apex1 apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 1 JBrowse link 15 27,849,943 27,852,083 RGD:6480464
G Ar androgen receptor JBrowse link X 67,656,253 67,828,998 RGD:6480464
G As3mt arsenite methyltransferase JBrowse link 1 266,482,787 266,514,570 RGD:6480464
G Atf3 activating transcription factor 3 JBrowse link 13 109,817,892 109,849,632 RGD:6480464
G Atf4 activating transcription factor 4 JBrowse link 7 121,480,723 121,482,781 RGD:6480464
G Atp7a ATPase copper transporting alpha JBrowse link X 77,076,085 77,193,644 RGD:6480464
G Bcl2 BCL2, apoptosis regulator JBrowse link 13 26,605,426 26,769,374 RGD:6480464
G Calu calumenin JBrowse link 4 56,625,611 56,653,112 RGD:6480464
G Casp1 caspase 1 JBrowse link 8 2,605,743 2,614,637 RGD:6480464
G Casp3 caspase 3 JBrowse link 16 48,845,011 48,863,249 RGD:6480464
G Casp8 caspase 8 JBrowse link 9 65,614,142 65,662,624 RGD:6480464
G Casp9 caspase 9 JBrowse link 5 160,356,211 160,373,774 RGD:6480464
G Cat catalase JBrowse link 3 93,379,872 93,412,058 RGD:6480464
G Cbr1 carbonyl reductase 1 JBrowse link 11 33,813,041 33,815,418 RGD:6480464
G Ccnd1 cyclin D1 JBrowse link 1 218,090,750 218,100,447 RGD:6480464
G Ccng2 cyclin G2 JBrowse link 14 16,267,572 16,276,068 RGD:6480464
G Cftr CF transmembrane conductance regulator JBrowse link 4 42,693,263 42,860,679 RGD:6480464
G Chuk component of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase complex JBrowse link 1 263,848,829 263,884,354 RGD:6480464
G Cyp1a1 cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily a, polypeptide 1 JBrowse link 8 62,472,087 62,478,122 RGD:6480464
G Cyp7a1 cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1 JBrowse link 5 19,358,734 19,368,431 RGD:6480464
G Ddit3 DNA-damage inducible transcript 3 JBrowse link 7 70,578,564 70,585,074 RGD:6480464
G Eif2a eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A JBrowse link 2 148,722,343 148,755,781 RGD:6480464
G Eif2ak3 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3 JBrowse link 4 98,648,513 98,709,695 RGD:6480464
G Eif2s1 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha JBrowse link 6 102,048,372 102,073,041 RGD:6480464
G Ern1 endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1 JBrowse link 10 94,588,555 94,682,072 RGD:6480464
G Esr1 estrogen receptor 1 JBrowse link 1 41,192,029 41,594,799 RGD:6480464
G F3 coagulation factor III, tissue factor JBrowse link 2 225,310,686 225,322,281 RGD:6480464
G Fgf21 fibroblast growth factor 21 JBrowse link 1 101,595,579 101,596,822 RGD:6480464
G Gadd45a growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, alpha JBrowse link 4 97,782,512 97,784,814 RGD:6480464
G Hif1a hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha JBrowse link 6 96,810,868 96,856,303 RGD:6480464
G Hmox1 heme oxygenase 1 JBrowse link 19 14,508,634 14,515,455 RGD:6480464
G Hsd11b2 hydroxysteroid 11-beta dehydrogenase 2 JBrowse link 19 37,476,083 37,481,326 RGD:6480464
G Hspa5 heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5 JBrowse link 3 13,838,304 13,842,763 RGD:6480464
G Ikbkb inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit beta JBrowse link 16 74,177,233 74,230,809 RGD:6480464
G Il1a interleukin 1 alpha JBrowse link 3 121,824,712 121,836,122 RGD:6480464
G Il1b interleukin 1 beta JBrowse link 3 121,876,256 121,882,637 RGD:6480464
G Il5 interleukin 5 JBrowse link 10 39,066,716 39,069,587 RGD:6480464
G Il5ra interleukin 5 receptor subunit alpha JBrowse link 4 138,796,165 138,834,164 RGD:6480464
G Inhbe inhibin subunit beta E JBrowse link 7 70,641,423 70,642,848 RGD:6480464
G Jun Jun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit JBrowse link 5 114,011,184 114,014,277 RGD:6480464
G Kif5a kinesin family member 5A JBrowse link 7 70,515,832 70,552,897 RGD:6480464
G Map3k5 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 JBrowse link 1 15,412,603 15,613,752 RGD:6480464
G Mapk1 mitogen activated protein kinase 1 JBrowse link 11 88,203,863 88,273,301 RGD:6480464
G Mapk3 mitogen activated protein kinase 3 JBrowse link 1 198,192,773 198,198,975 RGD:6480464
G Mapk8 mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 JBrowse link 16 9,620,854 9,709,342 RGD:6480464
G Mgst1 microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 JBrowse link 4 172,119,382 172,134,609 RGD:6480464
G Msrb2 methionine sulfoxide reductase B2 JBrowse link 17 86,066,841 86,148,131 RGD:6480464
G Msrb3 methionine sulfoxide reductase B3 JBrowse link 7 62,850,506 62,972,487 RGD:6480464
G Mt1 metallothionein 1 JBrowse link 19 11,301,991 11,303,007 RGD:6480464
G Nat1 N-acetyltransferase 1 JBrowse link 16 23,970,742 23,991,573 RGD:6480464
G Nfe2l2 nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2 JBrowse link 3 62,497,568 62,525,146 RGD:6480464
G Nfkb1 nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 JBrowse link 2 240,773,520 240,890,053 RGD:6480464
G Nfkbia NFKB inhibitor alpha JBrowse link 6 76,267,227 76,270,457 RGD:6480464
G Nos2 nitric oxide synthase 2 JBrowse link 10 66,188,290 66,221,621 RGD:6480464
G Nqo1 NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 JBrowse link 19 38,422,210 38,437,103 RGD:6480464
G Nr3c1 nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 JBrowse link 18 31,728,373 32,704,022 RGD:6480464
G Nrgn neurogranin JBrowse link 8 40,015,049 40,023,193 RGD:6480464
G Nudt9 nudix hydrolase 9 JBrowse link 14 7,036,809 7,054,739 RGD:6480464
G Ogdh oxoglutarate dehydrogenase JBrowse link 14 86,414,924 86,481,903 RGD:6480464
G P2rx2 purinergic receptor P2X 2 JBrowse link 12 52,397,666 52,401,005 RGD:6480464
G Papss1 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 1 JBrowse link 2 236,605,695 236,680,772 RGD:6480464
G Parp1 poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 JBrowse link 13 98,857,255 98,889,444 RGD:6480464
G Pdcd6ip programmed cell death 6 interacting protein JBrowse link 8 121,916,233 121,973,145 RGD:6480464
G Plod3 procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 3 JBrowse link 12 22,716,421 22,726,982 RGD:6480464
G Ppargc1a PPARG coactivator 1 alpha JBrowse link 14 63,095,291 63,190,688 RGD:6480464
G Ptgs2 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 JBrowse link 13 67,351,230 67,356,920 RGD:6480464
G Ptpn1 protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 1 JBrowse link 3 164,665,462 164,711,936 RGD:6480464
G Rcn2 reticulocalbin 2 JBrowse link 8 60,709,851 60,726,938 RGD:6480464
G Rela RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit JBrowse link 1 220,992,770 221,003,249 RGD:6480464
G S100a4 S100 calcium-binding protein A4 JBrowse link 2 189,997,278 189,999,587 RGD:6480464
G Slc16a1 solute carrier family 16 member 1 JBrowse link 2 207,108,552 207,129,352 RGD:6480464
G Sod1 superoxide dismutase 1 JBrowse link 11 30,363,282 30,368,858 RGD:6480464
G Sod2 superoxide dismutase 2 JBrowse link 1 47,914,757 47,921,587 RGD:6480464
G Stat6 signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 JBrowse link 7 70,946,228 70,963,542 RGD:6480464
G Thy1 Thy-1 cell surface antigen JBrowse link 8 48,382,121 48,387,271 RGD:6480464
G Tlr4 toll-like receptor 4 JBrowse link 5 82,587,424 82,601,056 RGD:6480464
G Tnf tumor necrosis factor JBrowse link 20 5,189,382 5,192,000 RGD:6480464
G Top2a DNA topoisomerase II alpha JBrowse link 10 86,901,467 86,930,947 RGD:6480464
G Tp53 tumor protein p53 JBrowse link 10 56,186,299 56,198,449 RGD:6480464
G Trpc5 transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 5 JBrowse link X 115,624,670 115,908,248 RGD:6480464
G Txn1 thioredoxin 1 JBrowse link 5 75,049,735 75,057,731 RGD:6480464
G Xdh xanthine dehydrogenase JBrowse link 6 25,149,570 25,211,273 RGD:6480464
dithioerythritol term browser
Symbol Object Name JBrowse Chr Start Stop Reference
G Slc1a5 solute carrier family 1 member 5 JBrowse link 1 78,710,686 78,724,789 RGD:6480464
G Slc22a4 solute carrier family 22 member 4 JBrowse link 10 39,334,972 39,373,508 RGD:6480464
G Slc22a5 solute carrier family 22 member 5 JBrowse link 10 39,201,101 39,228,090 RGD:6480464
G Slc25a20 solute carrier family 25 member 20 JBrowse link 8 117,455,308 117,476,762 RGD:6480464
L-1,4-dithiothreitol term browser
Symbol Object Name JBrowse Chr Start Stop Reference
G Adora1 adenosine A1 receptor JBrowse link 13 51,042,111 51,076,913 RGD:6480464
G Akt1 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 JBrowse link 6 137,218,398 137,239,970 RGD:6480464
G Alad aminolevulinate dehydratase JBrowse link 5 78,368,867 78,379,206 RGD:6480464
G Apex1 apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 1 JBrowse link 15 27,849,943 27,852,083 RGD:6480464
G Ar androgen receptor JBrowse link X 67,656,253 67,828,998 RGD:6480464
G As3mt arsenite methyltransferase JBrowse link 1 266,482,787 266,514,570 RGD:6480464
G Atf3 activating transcription factor 3 JBrowse link 13 109,817,892 109,849,632 RGD:6480464
G Atf4 activating transcription factor 4 JBrowse link 7 121,480,723 121,482,781 RGD:6480464
G Atp7a ATPase copper transporting alpha JBrowse link X 77,076,085 77,193,644 RGD:6480464
G Bcl2 BCL2, apoptosis regulator JBrowse link 13 26,605,426 26,769,374 RGD:6480464
G Calu calumenin JBrowse link 4 56,625,611 56,653,112 RGD:6480464
G Casp1 caspase 1 JBrowse link 8 2,605,743 2,614,637 RGD:6480464
G Casp3 caspase 3 JBrowse link 16 48,845,011 48,863,249 RGD:6480464
G Casp8 caspase 8 JBrowse link 9 65,614,142 65,662,624 RGD:6480464
G Casp9 caspase 9 JBrowse link 5 160,356,211 160,373,774 RGD:6480464
G Cat catalase JBrowse link 3 93,379,872 93,412,058 RGD:6480464
G Cbr1 carbonyl reductase 1 JBrowse link 11 33,813,041 33,815,418 RGD:6480464
G Ccnd1 cyclin D1 JBrowse link 1 218,090,750 218,100,447 RGD:6480464
G Ccng2 cyclin G2 JBrowse link 14 16,267,572 16,276,068 RGD:6480464
G Cftr CF transmembrane conductance regulator JBrowse link 4 42,693,263 42,860,679 RGD:6480464
G Chuk component of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase complex JBrowse link 1 263,848,829 263,884,354 RGD:6480464
G Cyp1a1 cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily a, polypeptide 1 JBrowse link 8 62,472,087 62,478,122 RGD:6480464
G Cyp7a1 cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1 JBrowse link 5 19,358,734 19,368,431 RGD:6480464
G Ddit3 DNA-damage inducible transcript 3 JBrowse link 7 70,578,564 70,585,074 RGD:6480464
G Eif2a eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A JBrowse link 2 148,722,343 148,755,781 RGD:6480464
G Eif2ak3 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3 JBrowse link 4 98,648,513 98,709,695 RGD:6480464
G Eif2s1 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha JBrowse link 6 102,048,372 102,073,041 RGD:6480464
G Ern1 endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1 JBrowse link 10 94,588,555 94,682,072 RGD:6480464
G Esr1 estrogen receptor 1 JBrowse link 1 41,192,029 41,594,799 RGD:6480464
G F3 coagulation factor III, tissue factor JBrowse link 2 225,310,686 225,322,281 RGD:6480464
G Fgf21 fibroblast growth factor 21 JBrowse link 1 101,595,579 101,596,822 RGD:6480464
G Gadd45a growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, alpha JBrowse link 4 97,782,512 97,784,814 RGD:6480464
G Hif1a hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha JBrowse link 6 96,810,868 96,856,303 RGD:6480464
G Hmox1 heme oxygenase 1 JBrowse link 19 14,508,634 14,515,455 RGD:6480464
G Hsd11b2 hydroxysteroid 11-beta dehydrogenase 2 JBrowse link 19 37,476,083 37,481,326 RGD:6480464
G Hspa5 heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5 JBrowse link 3 13,838,304 13,842,763 RGD:6480464
G Ikbkb inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit beta JBrowse link 16 74,177,233 74,230,809 RGD:6480464
G Il1a interleukin 1 alpha JBrowse link 3 121,824,712 121,836,122 RGD:6480464
G Il1b interleukin 1 beta JBrowse link 3 121,876,256 121,882,637 RGD:6480464
G Il5 interleukin 5 JBrowse link 10 39,066,716 39,069,587 RGD:6480464
G Il5ra interleukin 5 receptor subunit alpha JBrowse link 4 138,796,165 138,834,164 RGD:6480464
G Inhbe inhibin subunit beta E JBrowse link 7 70,641,423 70,642,848 RGD:6480464
G Jun Jun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit JBrowse link 5 114,011,184 114,014,277 RGD:6480464
G Kif5a kinesin family member 5A JBrowse link 7 70,515,832 70,552,897 RGD:6480464
G Map3k5 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 JBrowse link 1 15,412,603 15,613,752 RGD:6480464
G Mapk1 mitogen activated protein kinase 1 JBrowse link 11 88,203,863 88,273,301 RGD:6480464
G Mapk3 mitogen activated protein kinase 3 JBrowse link 1 198,192,773 198,198,975 RGD:6480464
G Mapk8 mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 JBrowse link 16 9,620,854 9,709,342 RGD:6480464
G Mgst1 microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 JBrowse link 4 172,119,382 172,134,609 RGD:6480464
G Msrb2 methionine sulfoxide reductase B2 JBrowse link 17 86,066,841 86,148,131 RGD:6480464
G Msrb3 methionine sulfoxide reductase B3 JBrowse link 7 62,850,506 62,972,487 RGD:6480464
G Mt1 metallothionein 1 JBrowse link 19 11,301,991 11,303,007 RGD:6480464
G Nat1 N-acetyltransferase 1 JBrowse link 16 23,970,742 23,991,573 RGD:6480464
G Nfe2l2 nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2 JBrowse link 3 62,497,568 62,525,146 RGD:6480464
G Nfkb1 nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 JBrowse link 2 240,773,520 240,890,053 RGD:6480464
G Nfkbia NFKB inhibitor alpha JBrowse link 6 76,267,227 76,270,457 RGD:6480464
G Nos2 nitric oxide synthase 2 JBrowse link 10 66,188,290 66,221,621 RGD:6480464
G Nqo1 NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 JBrowse link 19 38,422,210 38,437,103 RGD:6480464
G Nr3c1 nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 JBrowse link 18 31,728,373 32,704,022 RGD:6480464
G Nrgn neurogranin JBrowse link 8 40,015,049 40,023,193 RGD:6480464
G Nudt9 nudix hydrolase 9 JBrowse link 14 7,036,809 7,054,739 RGD:6480464
G Ogdh oxoglutarate dehydrogenase JBrowse link 14 86,414,924 86,481,903 RGD:6480464
G P2rx2 purinergic receptor P2X 2 JBrowse link 12 52,397,666 52,401,005 RGD:6480464
G Papss1 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 1 JBrowse link 2 236,605,695 236,680,772 RGD:6480464
G Parp1 poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 JBrowse link 13 98,857,255 98,889,444 RGD:6480464
G Pdcd6ip programmed cell death 6 interacting protein JBrowse link 8 121,916,233 121,973,145 RGD:6480464
G Plod3 procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 3 JBrowse link 12 22,716,421 22,726,982 RGD:6480464
G Ppargc1a PPARG coactivator 1 alpha JBrowse link 14 63,095,291 63,190,688 RGD:6480464
G Ptgs2 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 JBrowse link 13 67,351,230 67,356,920 RGD:6480464
G Ptpn1 protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 1 JBrowse link 3 164,665,462 164,711,936 RGD:6480464
G Rcn2 reticulocalbin 2 JBrowse link 8 60,709,851 60,726,938 RGD:6480464
G Rela RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit JBrowse link 1 220,992,770 221,003,249 RGD:6480464
G S100a4 S100 calcium-binding protein A4 JBrowse link 2 189,997,278 189,999,587 RGD:6480464
G Slc16a1 solute carrier family 16 member 1 JBrowse link 2 207,108,552 207,129,352 RGD:6480464
G Sod1 superoxide dismutase 1 JBrowse link 11 30,363,282 30,368,858 RGD:6480464
G Sod2 superoxide dismutase 2 JBrowse link 1 47,914,757 47,921,587 RGD:6480464
G Stat6 signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 JBrowse link 7 70,946,228 70,963,542 RGD:6480464
G Thy1 Thy-1 cell surface antigen JBrowse link 8 48,382,121 48,387,271 RGD:6480464
G Tlr4 toll-like receptor 4 JBrowse link 5 82,587,424 82,601,056 RGD:6480464
G Tnf tumor necrosis factor JBrowse link 20 5,189,382 5,192,000 RGD:6480464
G Top2a DNA topoisomerase II alpha JBrowse link 10 86,901,467 86,930,947 RGD:6480464
G Tp53 tumor protein p53 JBrowse link 10 56,186,299 56,198,449 RGD:6480464
G Trpc5 transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 5 JBrowse link X 115,624,670 115,908,248 RGD:6480464
G Txn1 thioredoxin 1 JBrowse link 5 75,049,735 75,057,731 RGD:6480464
G Xdh xanthine dehydrogenase JBrowse link 6 25,149,570 25,211,273 RGD:6480464
Term paths to the root
Path 1
Term Annotations click to browse term
  CHEBI ontology 19716
    chemical entity 19714
      group 19628
        inorganic group 19098
          thiol group 1923
            thiol 1923
              1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol 89
                1,4-dithiothreitol + 85
                dithioerythritol 4
Path 2
Term Annotations click to browse term
  CHEBI ontology 19716
    subatomic particle 19712
      composite particle 19712
        hadron 19712
          baryon 19712
            nucleon 19712
              atomic nucleus 19712
                atom 19712
                  main group element atom 19598
                    main group molecular entity 19598
                      s-block molecular entity 19361
                        hydrogen molecular entity 19350
                          hydrides 18280
                            inorganic hydride 17204
                              chalcogen hydride 2369
                                sulfur hydride 1989
                                  hydrogen sulfide 1989
                                    thiol group 1923
                                      thiol 1923
                                        1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol 89
                                          1,4-dithiothreitol + 85
                                          dithioerythritol 4
paths to the root

Contact Us |  About Us |  License CC BY 4.0 |  Legal Disclaimer |  © Medical College of Wisconsin
NHLBI Logo

RGD is funded by grant HL64541 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute on behalf of the NIH.